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644ls: synopsis and key options
645dir: synopsis and key options
646vdir: synopsis and key options
647tree: synopsis and key options
648cd: synopsis and key options
649pwd: synopsis and key options
650pushd: synopsis and key options
651popd: synopsis and key options
652realpath: synopsis and key options
653readlink: synopsis and key options
654basename: synopsis and key options
655dirname: synopsis and key options
656stat: synopsis and key options
657file: synopsis and key options
658locate: synopsis and key options
659updatedb: synopsis and key options
660which: synopsis and key options
661whereis: synopsis and key options
662type: synopsis and key options
663ls -l column meanings
664ls -a versus -A
665ls -h human sizes
666ls -t -r -S sorting
667ls -X and -v sorting
668ls --time options
669ls --time-style formats
670ls -i inode numbers
671ls -d for directories themselves
672ls -R recursion
673ls -F and --classify
674ls --color and LS_COLORS
675dircolors customization
676ls -1 and -C columns
677ls -n numeric IDs
678ls -Z SELinux contexts
679ls --group-directories-first
680ls quoting styles
681ls -b and -q for odd names
682ls --hide and -I
683ls versus find for listings
684Reading date columns in ls
685ls on symlinks with -L and -H
686tree -L -d -a options
687tree -I and --prune
688tree output as JSON
689stat format strings
690stat --file-system
691stat timestamps atime mtime ctime birth
692file magic and --mime-type
693locate patterns and options
694mlocate versus plocate
695which versus type versus command -v
696realpath options -e -m -s
697readlink -f vs realpath
698cp: synopsis and key options
699mv: synopsis and key options
700rm: synopsis and key options
701rmdir: synopsis and key options
702mkdir: synopsis and key options
703touch: synopsis and key options
704ln: synopsis and key options
705install: synopsis and key options
706shred: synopsis and key options
707truncate: synopsis and key options
708unlink: synopsis and key options
709mkfifo: synopsis and key options
710mknod: synopsis and key options
711cp -a archive mode
712cp -r versus -R
713cp -p preserving attributes
714cp --preserve selective
715cp -u update only
716cp -n and --no-clobber
717cp -i interactive
718cp -v verbose
719cp --backup and -b
720cp --reflink copy-on-write
721cp --sparse handling
722cp -l and -s linking
723cp -t target directory
724cp -T no target dir
725cp --parents
726cp trailing slash semantics
727cp onto itself errors
728mv across filesystems
729mv -n -i -f
730mv --backup
731mv -t and -T
732mv atomicity guarantees
733Renaming with rename perl tool
734Renaming with util-linux rename
735Bulk rename with parameter expansion
736rm -r and -f
737rm -i and -I
738rm --preserve-root
739rm dangerous patterns
740rm -- for dashed names
741Deleting files with odd names
742Deleting by inode with find
743Recovering deleted files overview
744trash-cli for safe deletion
745shred secure deletion limits
746mkdir -p and -m
747mkdir -v
748touch -t -d -r
749touch -a and -m
750touch --no-create
751ln -s relative versus absolute
752ln -f and -T
753ln -r relative symlinks
754Dangling symlinks
755Symlink loops
756Hard link counts
757Directory hard link restrictions
758install -m -o -g -d
759truncate -s sizing
760Sparse files with truncate
761fallocate preallocation
762mktemp options
763rsync-less copy with tar pipes
764cp vs rsync vs tar for copying
765cat: synopsis and key options
766tac: synopsis and key options
767rev: synopsis and key options
768head: synopsis and key options
769tail: synopsis and key options
770less: synopsis and key options
771more: synopsis and key options
772most: synopsis and key options
773nl: synopsis and key options
774wc: synopsis and key options
775od: synopsis and key options
776hexdump: synopsis and key options
777xxd: synopsis and key options
778strings: synopsis and key options
779fold: synopsis and key options
780fmt: synopsis and key options
781pr: synopsis and key options
782column: synopsis and key options
783expand: synopsis and key options
784unexpand: synopsis and key options
785tee: synopsis and key options
786yes: synopsis and key options
787seq: synopsis and key options
788shuf: synopsis and key options
789split: synopsis and key options
790csplit: synopsis and key options
791cat -A showing invisibles
792cat -n and -b
793cat -s squeeze blanks
794tac reverse lines
795head -n -N excluding tail lines
796head -c byte counts
797tail -n +N from line
798tail -c bytes
799tail -f versus -F
800tail --pid termination
801tail multiple files
802less navigation keys
803less search and filters with &
804less -N -S -R -X flags
805less +F follow mode
806less marks and multiple files
807LESS and LESSOPEN variables
808lesspipe for archives and PDFs
809more versus less
810wc -l -w -c -m -L
811wc and trailing newlines
812nl numbering styles
813od formats and -A -t
814hexdump -C canonical
815xxd -r reverse hexdump
816xxd -p plain hex
817strings -n and -e
818fold -w and -s
819fmt -w and -p
820pr pagination and columns
821column -t tables
822column -s separators
823expand and unexpand tabs
824yes for automation
825seq formats and -s -w
826shuf for randomness
827shuf -e and -n
828split -l -b -n
829split numeric suffixes
830csplit by regex
831Viewing binary files safely
832Viewing very large files
833bat as a cat replacement
834date: synopsis and key options
835cal: synopsis and key options
836timedatectl: synopsis and key options
837hwclock: synopsis and key options
838sleep: synopsis and key options
839timeout: synopsis and key options
840time: synopsis and key options
841watch: synopsis and key options
842at: synopsis and key options
843atd: synopsis and key options
844uptime: synopsis and key options
845expr: synopsis and key options
846bc: synopsis and key options
847dc: synopsis and key options
848factor: synopsis and key options
849numfmt: synopsis and key options
850units: synopsis and key options
851date +%s epoch seconds
852date format specifiers
853date -d relative dates
854date -d @epoch conversion
855date -u and TZ variable
856date --iso-8601 and -I
857date -r file timestamps
858date -s setting time
859TZ variable zones
860tzdata and /usr/share/zoneinfo
861timedatectl set-timezone
862timedatectl set-ntp
863NTP with chrony
864chronyc tracking and sources
865chrony.conf configuration
866systemd-timesyncd
867ntpd versus chrony
868hwclock --systohc and --hctosys
869RTC in UTC versus localtime
870time builtin versus /usr/bin/time
871/usr/bin/time -v output
872timeout --signal and -k
873watch -n -d -g
874sleep fractional and suffixes
875at scheduling syntax
876atq atrm and batch
877calendar tools ncal
878bc scale and -l
879bc functions and base
880dc stack calculator
881expr limitations
882numfmt --to=iec
883units conversions
884cut: synopsis and key options
885paste: synopsis and key options
886join: synopsis and key options
887comm: synopsis and key options
888sort: synopsis and key options
889uniq: synopsis and key options
890tr: synopsis and key options
891diff: synopsis and key options
892cmp: synopsis and key options
893sdiff: synopsis and key options
894patch: synopsis and key options
895colordiff: synopsis and key options
896diff3: synopsis and key options
897iconv: synopsis and key options
898dos2unix: synopsis and key options
899base64: synopsis and key options
900base32: synopsis and key options
901md5sum: synopsis and key options
902sha1sum: synopsis and key options
903sha256sum: synopsis and key options
904sha512sum: synopsis and key options
905cksum: synopsis and key options
906b2sum: synopsis and key options
907sum: synopsis and key options
908whoami: synopsis and key options
909id: synopsis and key options
910who: synopsis and key options
911w: synopsis and key options
912last: synopsis and key options
913lastb: synopsis and key options
914lastlog: synopsis and key options
915users: synopsis and key options
916groups: synopsis and key options
917logname: synopsis and key options
918hostname: synopsis and key options
919hostnamectl: synopsis and key options
920uname: synopsis and key options
921arch: synopsis and key options
922nproc: synopsis and key options
923lscpu: synopsis and key options
924lsmem: synopsis and key options
925lsusb: synopsis and key options
926lspci: synopsis and key options
927lshw: synopsis and key options
928dmidecode: synopsis and key options
929getconf: synopsis and key options
930ulimit: synopsis and key options
931tty: synopsis and key options
932stty: synopsis and key options
933reset: synopsis and key options
934clear: synopsis and key options
935tput: synopsis and key options
936env: synopsis and key options
937printenv: synopsis and key options
938locale: synopsis and key options
939localectl: synopsis and key options
940nice: synopsis and key options
941renice: synopsis and key options
942ionice: synopsis and key options
943nohup: synopsis and key options
944chroot: synopsis and key options
945stdbuf: synopsis and key options
946setsid: synopsis and key options
947taskset: synopsis and key options
948chrt: synopsis and key options
949flock: synopsis and key options
950script: synopsis and key options
951scriptreplay: synopsis and key options
952xargs: synopsis and key options
953exec: synopsis and key options
954command: synopsis and key options
955stty -a settings
956stty raw and cooked modes
957stty -echo for passwords
958stty sane and reset
959stty size and columns
960Control characters intr eof erase
961Terminal types and TERM
962terminfo and infocmp
963tput colors and cursor
964ANSI escape sequences
965Pseudo-terminals and /dev/pts
966tty versus pts versus console
967Virtual consoles Ctrl-Alt-F keys
968chvt and openvt
969setterm options
970Console fonts setfont
971Keyboard layouts loadkeys
972localectl set-keymap
973Locale settings LANG and LC_*
974locale-gen and locales
975UTF-8 handling in shell tools
976iconv charset conversion
977Sorting and LC_COLLATE
978LC_ALL=C for speed
979Unicode normalization with uconv
980Line endings CRLF versus LF
981Handling BOM markers

644ls: synopsis and key options
645dir: synopsis and key options
646vdir: synopsis and key options
647tree: synopsis and key options
648cd: synopsis and key options
649pwd: synopsis and key options
650pushd: synopsis and key options
651popd: synopsis and key options
652realpath: synopsis and key options
653readlink: synopsis and key options
654basename: synopsis and key options
655dirname: synopsis and key options
656stat: synopsis and key options
657file: synopsis and key options
658locate: synopsis and key options
659updatedb: synopsis and key options
660which: synopsis and key options
661whereis: synopsis and key options
662type: synopsis and key options
663ls -l column meanings
664ls -a versus -A
665ls -h human sizes
666ls -t -r -S sorting
667ls -X and -v sorting
668ls --time options
669ls --time-style formats
670ls -i inode numbers
671ls -d for directories themselves
672ls -R recursion
673ls -F and --classify
674ls --color and LS_COLORS
675dircolors customization
676ls -1 and -C columns
677ls -n numeric IDs
678ls -Z SELinux contexts
679ls --group-directories-first
680ls quoting styles
681ls -b and -q for odd names
682ls --hide and -I
683ls versus find for listings
684Reading date columns in ls
685ls on symlinks with -L and -H
686tree -L -d -a options
687tree -I and --prune
688tree output as JSON
689stat format strings
690stat --file-system
691stat timestamps atime mtime ctime birth
692file magic and --mime-type
693locate patterns and options
694mlocate versus plocate
695which versus type versus command -v
696realpath options -e -m -s
697readlink -f vs realpath
698cp: synopsis and key options
699mv: synopsis and key options
700rm: synopsis and key options
701rmdir: synopsis and key options
702mkdir: synopsis and key options
703touch: synopsis and key options
704ln: synopsis and key options
705install: synopsis and key options
706shred: synopsis and key options
707truncate: synopsis and key options
708unlink: synopsis and key options
709mkfifo: synopsis and key options
710mknod: synopsis and key options
711cp -a archive mode
712cp -r versus -R
713cp -p preserving attributes
714cp --preserve selective
715cp -u update only
716cp -n and --no-clobber
717cp -i interactive
718cp -v verbose
719cp --backup and -b
720cp --reflink copy-on-write
721cp --sparse handling
722cp -l and -s linking
723cp -t target directory
724cp -T no target dir
725cp --parents
726cp trailing slash semantics
727cp onto itself errors
728mv across filesystems
729mv -n -i -f
730mv --backup
731mv -t and -T
732mv atomicity guarantees
733Renaming with rename perl tool
734Renaming with util-linux rename
735Bulk rename with parameter expansion
736rm -r and -f
737rm -i and -I
738rm --preserve-root
739rm dangerous patterns
740rm -- for dashed names
741Deleting files with odd names
742Deleting by inode with find
743Recovering deleted files overview
744trash-cli for safe deletion
745shred secure deletion limits
746mkdir -p and -m
747mkdir -v
748touch -t -d -r
749touch -a and -m
750touch --no-create
751ln -s relative versus absolute
752ln -f and -T
753ln -r relative symlinks
754Dangling symlinks
755Symlink loops
756Hard link counts
757Directory hard link restrictions
758install -m -o -g -d
759truncate -s sizing
760Sparse files with truncate
761fallocate preallocation
762mktemp options
763rsync-less copy with tar pipes
764cp vs rsync vs tar for copying
765cat: synopsis and key options
766tac: synopsis and key options
767rev: synopsis and key options
768head: synopsis and key options
769tail: synopsis and key options
770less: synopsis and key options
771more: synopsis and key options
772most: synopsis and key options
773nl: synopsis and key options
774wc: synopsis and key options
775od: synopsis and key options
776hexdump: synopsis and key options
777xxd: synopsis and key options
778strings: synopsis and key options
779fold: synopsis and key options
780fmt: synopsis and key options
781pr: synopsis and key options
782column: synopsis and key options
783expand: synopsis and key options
784unexpand: synopsis and key options
785tee: synopsis and key options
786yes: synopsis and key options
787seq: synopsis and key options
788shuf: synopsis and key options
789split: synopsis and key options
790csplit: synopsis and key options
791cat -A showing invisibles
792cat -n and -b
793cat -s squeeze blanks
794tac reverse lines
795head -n -N excluding tail lines
796head -c byte counts
797tail -n +N from line
798tail -c bytes
799tail -f versus -F
800tail --pid termination
801tail multiple files
802less navigation keys
803less search and filters with &
804less -N -S -R -X flags
805less +F follow mode
806less marks and multiple files
807LESS and LESSOPEN variables
808lesspipe for archives and PDFs
809more versus less
810wc -l -w -c -m -L
811wc and trailing newlines
812nl numbering styles
813od formats and -A -t
814hexdump -C canonical
815xxd -r reverse hexdump
816xxd -p plain hex
817strings -n and -e
818fold -w and -s
819fmt -w and -p
820pr pagination and columns
821column -t tables
822column -s separators
823expand and unexpand tabs
824yes for automation
825seq formats and -s -w
826shuf for randomness
827shuf -e and -n
828split -l -b -n
829split numeric suffixes
830csplit by regex
831Viewing binary files safely
832Viewing very large files
833bat as a cat replacement
834date: synopsis and key options
835cal: synopsis and key options
836timedatectl: synopsis and key options
837hwclock: synopsis and key options
838sleep: synopsis and key options
839timeout: synopsis and key options
840time: synopsis and key options
841watch: synopsis and key options
842at: synopsis and key options
843atd: synopsis and key options
844uptime: synopsis and key options
845expr: synopsis and key options
846bc: synopsis and key options
847dc: synopsis and key options
848factor: synopsis and key options
849numfmt: synopsis and key options
850units: synopsis and key options
851date +%s epoch seconds
852date format specifiers
853date -d relative dates
854date -d @epoch conversion
855date -u and TZ variable
856date --iso-8601 and -I
857date -r file timestamps
858date -s setting time
859TZ variable zones
860tzdata and /usr/share/zoneinfo
861timedatectl set-timezone
862timedatectl set-ntp
863NTP with chrony
864chronyc tracking and sources
865chrony.conf configuration
866systemd-timesyncd
867ntpd versus chrony
868hwclock --systohc and --hctosys
869RTC in UTC versus localtime
870time builtin versus /usr/bin/time
871/usr/bin/time -v output
872timeout --signal and -k
873watch -n -d -g
874sleep fractional and suffixes
875at scheduling syntax
876atq atrm and batch
877calendar tools ncal
878bc scale and -l
879bc functions and base
880dc stack calculator
881expr limitations
882numfmt --to=iec
883units conversions
884cut: synopsis and key options
885paste: synopsis and key options
886join: synopsis and key options
887comm: synopsis and key options
888sort: synopsis and key options
889uniq: synopsis and key options
890tr: synopsis and key options
891diff: synopsis and key options
892cmp: synopsis and key options
893sdiff: synopsis and key options
894patch: synopsis and key options
895colordiff: synopsis and key options
896diff3: synopsis and key options
897iconv: synopsis and key options
898dos2unix: synopsis and key options
899base64: synopsis and key options
900base32: synopsis and key options
901md5sum: synopsis and key options
902sha1sum: synopsis and key options
903sha256sum: synopsis and key options
904sha512sum: synopsis and key options
905cksum: synopsis and key options
906b2sum: synopsis and key options
907sum: synopsis and key options
908whoami: synopsis and key options
909id: synopsis and key options
910who: synopsis and key options
911w: synopsis and key options
912last: synopsis and key options
913lastb: synopsis and key options
914lastlog: synopsis and key options
915users: synopsis and key options
916groups: synopsis and key options
917logname: synopsis and key options
918hostname: synopsis and key options
919hostnamectl: synopsis and key options
920uname: synopsis and key options
921arch: synopsis and key options
922nproc: synopsis and key options
923lscpu: synopsis and key options
924lsmem: synopsis and key options
925lsusb: synopsis and key options
926lspci: synopsis and key options
927lshw: synopsis and key options
928dmidecode: synopsis and key options
929getconf: synopsis and key options
930ulimit: synopsis and key options
931tty: synopsis and key options
932stty: synopsis and key options
933reset: synopsis and key options
934clear: synopsis and key options
935tput: synopsis and key options
936env: synopsis and key options
937printenv: synopsis and key options
938locale: synopsis and key options
939localectl: synopsis and key options
940nice: synopsis and key options
941renice: synopsis and key options
942ionice: synopsis and key options
943nohup: synopsis and key options
944chroot: synopsis and key options
945stdbuf: synopsis and key options
946setsid: synopsis and key options
947taskset: synopsis and key options
948chrt: synopsis and key options
949flock: synopsis and key options
950script: synopsis and key options
951scriptreplay: synopsis and key options
952xargs: synopsis and key options
953exec: synopsis and key options
954command: synopsis and key options
955stty -a settings
956stty raw and cooked modes
957stty -echo for passwords
958stty sane and reset
959stty size and columns
960Control characters intr eof erase
961Terminal types and TERM
962terminfo and infocmp
963tput colors and cursor
964ANSI escape sequences
965Pseudo-terminals and /dev/pts
966tty versus pts versus console
967Virtual consoles Ctrl-Alt-F keys
968chvt and openvt
969setterm options
970Console fonts setfont
971Keyboard layouts loadkeys
972localectl set-keymap
973Locale settings LANG and LC_*
974locale-gen and locales
975UTF-8 handling in shell tools
976iconv charset conversion
977Sorting and LC_COLLATE
978LC_ALL=C for speed
979Unicode normalization with uconv
980Line endings CRLF versus LF
981Handling BOM markers

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Lesson 697 of 3,142·10. Coreutils Command by CommandFree lesson

readlink -f vs realpath

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