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Operating Systems

107Process identifiers and PID allocation
108Process groups and sessions
109Controlling terminals and job control
110The task_struct in Linux
111The EPROCESS block in Windows
112The proc structure in XNU
113Process address space layout: text, data, BSS, heap, stack
114The ELF executable format
115ELF section headers and program headers
116The PE executable format
117The Mach-O executable format
118The a.out format and its history
119Shebang scripts and interpreter loading
120Dynamic linking and the program interpreter ld.so
121Shared libraries and the PLT/GOT
122Position-independent code
123Lazy binding versus immediate binding
124LD_PRELOAD and library interposition
125Static linking tradeoffs
126Process credentials: real, effective and saved IDs
127Environment variables and the auxiliary vector
128argv, envp and the initial stack
129Process exit status and exit handlers
130atexit and cleanup ordering
131The /proc filesystem per-process entries
132Process accounting
133Resource limits and setrlimit
134Core dumps and post-mortem analysis
135Process creation cost across systems
136Process start-up on Windows with CreateProcess
137fork semantics and what is duplicated
138vfork and its restrictions
139clone and its flags
140clone3
141posix_spawn
142execve in detail
143execl, execlp, execv and execvp variants
144fexecve and execveat
145wait, waitpid and wait4
146waitid and options
147_exit versus exit
148exit_group
149abort and SIGABRT
150Daemonization: double fork and setsid
151The fork bomb and process limits
152Process reaping and subreapers
153prctl(PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER)
154pidfd_open and pidfds
155CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser and job objects
156NtCreateUserProcess internals
157Mach task creation with task_create and posix_spawn on macOS
158What signals are and how they are delivered
159SIGINT and SIGQUIT
160SIGTERM versus SIGKILL
161SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP and SIGCONT
162SIGHUP and terminal hangup
163SIGSEGV and invalid memory access
164SIGBUS and alignment faults
165SIGFPE and arithmetic exceptions
166SIGILL and illegal instructions
167SIGPIPE and broken pipes
168SIGCHLD and child notifications
169SIGALRM and timers
170SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2
171SIGWINCH and terminal resize
172SIGTRAP and debugging
173Real-time signals and queuing
174signal versus sigaction
175Signal masks and sigprocmask
176Pending signals and sigpending
177Signal handlers and async-signal-safety
178sigaltstack and alternate signal stacks
179Signal disposition across fork and exec
180signalfd
181The self-pipe trick
182kill, tkill and tgkill
183sigqueue and signal payloads
184Signals in threads
185Windows structured exception handling
186Windows console control events
187Mach exceptions on macOS
188Many-to-one threading model
189One-to-one threading model
190Many-to-many threading model
191Scheduler activations
192LinuxThreads and NPTL
193futex-based thread synchronization
194pthread_create and pthread_join
195Detached threads
196Thread attributes and stack size
197Thread-local storage
198__thread and thread_local
199pthread_key_create
200pthread_cancel and cancellation points
201Cleanup handlers
202pthread_once
203Thread affinity and CPU sets
204Thread priorities and policies
205Thread names and debugging threads
206Windows threads and CreateThread
207Windows fibers
208User-mode scheduling
209Grand Central Dispatch
210Thread stacks and guard pages
211Thread-safe versus reentrant functions
212errno and thread safety
213Fork in multithreaded programs
214Thread creation overhead
215Coroutines and stackful context switching
216makecontext, swapcontext and ucontext
217setjmp and longjmp

Operating Systems

107Process identifiers and PID allocation
108Process groups and sessions
109Controlling terminals and job control
110The task_struct in Linux
111The EPROCESS block in Windows
112The proc structure in XNU
113Process address space layout: text, data, BSS, heap, stack
114The ELF executable format
115ELF section headers and program headers
116The PE executable format
117The Mach-O executable format
118The a.out format and its history
119Shebang scripts and interpreter loading
120Dynamic linking and the program interpreter ld.so
121Shared libraries and the PLT/GOT
122Position-independent code
123Lazy binding versus immediate binding
124LD_PRELOAD and library interposition
125Static linking tradeoffs
126Process credentials: real, effective and saved IDs
127Environment variables and the auxiliary vector
128argv, envp and the initial stack
129Process exit status and exit handlers
130atexit and cleanup ordering
131The /proc filesystem per-process entries
132Process accounting
133Resource limits and setrlimit
134Core dumps and post-mortem analysis
135Process creation cost across systems
136Process start-up on Windows with CreateProcess
137fork semantics and what is duplicated
138vfork and its restrictions
139clone and its flags
140clone3
141posix_spawn
142execve in detail
143execl, execlp, execv and execvp variants
144fexecve and execveat
145wait, waitpid and wait4
146waitid and options
147_exit versus exit
148exit_group
149abort and SIGABRT
150Daemonization: double fork and setsid
151The fork bomb and process limits
152Process reaping and subreapers
153prctl(PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER)
154pidfd_open and pidfds
155CreateProcess, CreateProcessAsUser and job objects
156NtCreateUserProcess internals
157Mach task creation with task_create and posix_spawn on macOS
158What signals are and how they are delivered
159SIGINT and SIGQUIT
160SIGTERM versus SIGKILL
161SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP and SIGCONT
162SIGHUP and terminal hangup
163SIGSEGV and invalid memory access
164SIGBUS and alignment faults
165SIGFPE and arithmetic exceptions
166SIGILL and illegal instructions
167SIGPIPE and broken pipes
168SIGCHLD and child notifications
169SIGALRM and timers
170SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2
171SIGWINCH and terminal resize
172SIGTRAP and debugging
173Real-time signals and queuing
174signal versus sigaction
175Signal masks and sigprocmask
176Pending signals and sigpending
177Signal handlers and async-signal-safety
178sigaltstack and alternate signal stacks
179Signal disposition across fork and exec
180signalfd
181The self-pipe trick
182kill, tkill and tgkill
183sigqueue and signal payloads
184Signals in threads
185Windows structured exception handling
186Windows console control events
187Mach exceptions on macOS
188Many-to-one threading model
189One-to-one threading model
190Many-to-many threading model
191Scheduler activations
192LinuxThreads and NPTL
193futex-based thread synchronization
194pthread_create and pthread_join
195Detached threads
196Thread attributes and stack size
197Thread-local storage
198__thread and thread_local
199pthread_key_create
200pthread_cancel and cancellation points
201Cleanup handlers
202pthread_once
203Thread affinity and CPU sets
204Thread priorities and policies
205Thread names and debugging threads
206Windows threads and CreateThread
207Windows fibers
208User-mode scheduling
209Grand Central Dispatch
210Thread stacks and guard pages
211Thread-safe versus reentrant functions
212errno and thread safety
213Fork in multithreaded programs
214Thread creation overhead
215Coroutines and stackful context switching
216makecontext, swapcontext and ucontext
217setjmp and longjmp

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clone and its flags

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