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304Access specifiers
305struct versus class
306Member functions defined in class
307Constructors overview
308Explicit constructors
309Converting constructors
310Explicit conversion operators
311Implicit conversion sequences
312Copy constructors
313Copy assignment operators
314Move constructors
315Move assignment operators
316Destructors and exceptions
317Destruction order
318Construction order with bases and members
319Member initialization order warnings
320Friend functions
321Friend classes
322Friend templates
323Nested classes
324Local classes
325Static member functions
326Mutable members
327this pointer
328Method chaining with *this
329Empty base optimization
330Class layout and sizeof
331Special member generation rules
332Rule of zero in practice
333Copy-and-swap idiom
334Self-assignment safety
335Trivial destructors
336Constexpr constructors and literal types
337Constexpr destructors in C++20
338Public inheritance as is-a
339Private inheritance as implemented-in-terms-of
340Protected inheritance
341Multiple inheritance
342Diamond problem
343Virtual inheritance
344Virtual functions and vtables
345Vtable layout and vptr
346override specifier
347final specifier
348Pure virtual functions with bodies
349Covariant return types
350Object slicing
351Virtual calls in constructors
352Virtual destructors and deletion
353Non-virtual interface idiom
354Interfaces as abstract classes
355Hiding versus overriding
356Calling base class members
357Dynamic dispatch cost
358Devirtualization by the compiler
359Cross-casting with dynamic_cast
360Runtime type information
361std::type_info and typeid
362type_index as map key
363Disabling RTTI with -fno-rtti
364Mixins
365Curiously recurring template pattern
366CRTP for static polymorphism
367Deducing this versus CRTP
368Type erasure
369Small buffer optimization in type erasure
370Policy-based design
371Tag dispatching
372Liskov substitution in C++
373Arithmetic operators as members versus free functions
374Implementing compound assignment as a class member
375Comparison operators
376Defaulted comparison operators
377Three-way comparison operator <=>
378Strong, weak, and partial ordering
379Synthesizing comparisons with std::compare_three_way
380Rewriting of == and != in C++20
381Stream insertion operator <<
382Stream extraction operator >>
383Subscript operator[]
384Multidimensional subscript in C++23
385Function call operator
386Increment operators prefix versus postfix
387Dereference and arrow operators
388Smart pointer-like classes
389Conversion operators
390Address-of operator pitfalls
391Comma and logical operator overloading hazards
392new and delete operator overloads
393Placement new
394Class-specific allocation
395User-defined literals operators
396Co_await operator overloading
397Operators on enums
398Proxy objects
399Expression templates
400Fluent interfaces
401throw expressions
402try and catch blocks
403Catching by reference
404Catch ordering and slicing
405Catch-all handlers
406Rethrowing with throw;
407std::exception hierarchy
408std::runtime_error and std::logic_error
409Custom exception classes
410std::exception_ptr
411std::current_exception and rethrow_exception
412std::nested_exception
413std::throw_with_nested
414noexcept specifier
415Conditional noexcept
416noexcept and move operations
417std::move_if_noexcept
418std::terminate and terminate handlers
419std::set_terminate
420Stack unwinding
421Exceptions in constructors
422Exceptions in destructors
423Exception safety guarantees
424Strong exception guarantee
425Basic exception guarantee
426Nothrow guarantee
427Exception cost model
428Zero-cost exceptions and table-based unwinding
429Exceptions across shared library boundaries
430Exceptions and threads
431Exception specifications removed in C++17
432Error codes versus exceptions
433std::error_code and std::error_category
434std::system_error
435std::errc
436std::expected for error handling
437Exception-free codebases and -fno-exceptions
438Result types and monadic chaining
439std::uncaught_exceptions
440Scope guards
441Assertions with assert
442static_assert
443Contract design and preconditions
444lvalues and rvalues
445prvalues, xvalues, and glvalues
446Rvalue references
447std::move is just a cast
448std::forward and perfect forwarding
449Forwarding references
450Reference collapsing
451Universal reference pitfalls
452Move constructors in practice
453Moved-from state
454Moving from const objects
455Returning local objects and moves
456Moving in member initializer lists
457Pass-by-value-and-move sink parameters
458Overloads for const& and &&
459Move-only types
460Moving containers
461Move and swap
462std::swap and ADL swap
463std::exchange
464Lifetime extension of temporaries
465Temporary materialization
466Dangling references and how to detect them
467Copy elision rules
468Parameter passing guidelines
469Perfect forwarding of variadic arguments
470std::forward_like in C++23
471std::move versus std::forward
472std::as_const
473std::ref and std::cref
474std::reference_wrapper

304Access specifiers
305struct versus class
306Member functions defined in class
307Constructors overview
308Explicit constructors
309Converting constructors
310Explicit conversion operators
311Implicit conversion sequences
312Copy constructors
313Copy assignment operators
314Move constructors
315Move assignment operators
316Destructors and exceptions
317Destruction order
318Construction order with bases and members
319Member initialization order warnings
320Friend functions
321Friend classes
322Friend templates
323Nested classes
324Local classes
325Static member functions
326Mutable members
327this pointer
328Method chaining with *this
329Empty base optimization
330Class layout and sizeof
331Special member generation rules
332Rule of zero in practice
333Copy-and-swap idiom
334Self-assignment safety
335Trivial destructors
336Constexpr constructors and literal types
337Constexpr destructors in C++20
338Public inheritance as is-a
339Private inheritance as implemented-in-terms-of
340Protected inheritance
341Multiple inheritance
342Diamond problem
343Virtual inheritance
344Virtual functions and vtables
345Vtable layout and vptr
346override specifier
347final specifier
348Pure virtual functions with bodies
349Covariant return types
350Object slicing
351Virtual calls in constructors
352Virtual destructors and deletion
353Non-virtual interface idiom
354Interfaces as abstract classes
355Hiding versus overriding
356Calling base class members
357Dynamic dispatch cost
358Devirtualization by the compiler
359Cross-casting with dynamic_cast
360Runtime type information
361std::type_info and typeid
362type_index as map key
363Disabling RTTI with -fno-rtti
364Mixins
365Curiously recurring template pattern
366CRTP for static polymorphism
367Deducing this versus CRTP
368Type erasure
369Small buffer optimization in type erasure
370Policy-based design
371Tag dispatching
372Liskov substitution in C++
373Arithmetic operators as members versus free functions
374Implementing compound assignment as a class member
375Comparison operators
376Defaulted comparison operators
377Three-way comparison operator <=>
378Strong, weak, and partial ordering
379Synthesizing comparisons with std::compare_three_way
380Rewriting of == and != in C++20
381Stream insertion operator <<
382Stream extraction operator >>
383Subscript operator[]
384Multidimensional subscript in C++23
385Function call operator
386Increment operators prefix versus postfix
387Dereference and arrow operators
388Smart pointer-like classes
389Conversion operators
390Address-of operator pitfalls
391Comma and logical operator overloading hazards
392new and delete operator overloads
393Placement new
394Class-specific allocation
395User-defined literals operators
396Co_await operator overloading
397Operators on enums
398Proxy objects
399Expression templates
400Fluent interfaces
401throw expressions
402try and catch blocks
403Catching by reference
404Catch ordering and slicing
405Catch-all handlers
406Rethrowing with throw;
407std::exception hierarchy
408std::runtime_error and std::logic_error
409Custom exception classes
410std::exception_ptr
411std::current_exception and rethrow_exception
412std::nested_exception
413std::throw_with_nested
414noexcept specifier
415Conditional noexcept
416noexcept and move operations
417std::move_if_noexcept
418std::terminate and terminate handlers
419std::set_terminate
420Stack unwinding
421Exceptions in constructors
422Exceptions in destructors
423Exception safety guarantees
424Strong exception guarantee
425Basic exception guarantee
426Nothrow guarantee
427Exception cost model
428Zero-cost exceptions and table-based unwinding
429Exceptions across shared library boundaries
430Exceptions and threads
431Exception specifications removed in C++17
432Error codes versus exceptions
433std::error_code and std::error_category
434std::system_error
435std::errc
436std::expected for error handling
437Exception-free codebases and -fno-exceptions
438Result types and monadic chaining
439std::uncaught_exceptions
440Scope guards
441Assertions with assert
442static_assert
443Contract design and preconditions
444lvalues and rvalues
445prvalues, xvalues, and glvalues
446Rvalue references
447std::move is just a cast
448std::forward and perfect forwarding
449Forwarding references
450Reference collapsing
451Universal reference pitfalls
452Move constructors in practice
453Moved-from state
454Moving from const objects
455Returning local objects and moves
456Moving in member initializer lists
457Pass-by-value-and-move sink parameters
458Overloads for const& and &&
459Move-only types
460Moving containers
461Move and swap
462std::swap and ADL swap
463std::exchange
464Lifetime extension of temporaries
465Temporary materialization
466Dangling references and how to detect them
467Copy elision rules
468Parameter passing guidelines
469Perfect forwarding of variadic arguments
470std::forward_like in C++23
471std::move versus std::forward
472std::as_const
473std::ref and std::cref
474std::reference_wrapper

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Lesson 331 of 2,476·8. Classes and Object-Oriented DesignFree lesson

Special member generation rules

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