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298The Relational Model Foundation
299Primary Keys and Entity Integrity
300Foreign Keys and Referential Integrity
301Schema Enforcement and Type Safety
302Normalization Fundamentals
303ACID Properties Overview
304Transaction Atomicity in Practice
305Consistency Guarantees
306JOIN Operations and Query Power
307Indexes and Query Optimization
308Strong Consistency by Default
309ACID Properties Overview
310Atomicity: All-or-Nothing Transactions
311Consistency: Maintaining Database Invariants
312Isolation Levels and Concurrent Transactions
313Durability: Surviving System Failures
314BASE Properties Overview
315Basically Available: Prioritizing Uptime
316Soft State and Eventual Consistency
317ACID vs BASE Tradeoffs
318When to Choose ACID or BASE
319Decision Framework: Data Model First
320When SQL Is the Right Choice
321When NoSQL Is the Right Choice
322Transaction Requirements and Trade-offs
323Query Pattern Complexity Analysis
324Scale and Growth Trajectory
325Schema Evolution and Flexibility
326Operational Complexity Considerations
327Polyglot Persistence Pattern
328Migration and Legacy System Constraints
329Cost and Performance Trade-offs
330Real-World Decision Examples
331What NewSQL Is
332The NewSQL Value Proposition
333Google Spanner Architecture
334CockroachDB and Distributed SQL
335VoltDB and In-Memory Transactions
336NewSQL Tradeoffs
337When to Choose NewSQL

298The Relational Model Foundation
299Primary Keys and Entity Integrity
300Foreign Keys and Referential Integrity
301Schema Enforcement and Type Safety
302Normalization Fundamentals
303ACID Properties Overview
304Transaction Atomicity in Practice
305Consistency Guarantees
306JOIN Operations and Query Power
307Indexes and Query Optimization
308Strong Consistency by Default
309ACID Properties Overview
310Atomicity: All-or-Nothing Transactions
311Consistency: Maintaining Database Invariants
312Isolation Levels and Concurrent Transactions
313Durability: Surviving System Failures
314BASE Properties Overview
315Basically Available: Prioritizing Uptime
316Soft State and Eventual Consistency
317ACID vs BASE Tradeoffs
318When to Choose ACID or BASE
319Decision Framework: Data Model First
320When SQL Is the Right Choice
321When NoSQL Is the Right Choice
322Transaction Requirements and Trade-offs
323Query Pattern Complexity Analysis
324Scale and Growth Trajectory
325Schema Evolution and Flexibility
326Operational Complexity Considerations
327Polyglot Persistence Pattern
328Migration and Legacy System Constraints
329Cost and Performance Trade-offs
330Real-World Decision Examples
331What NewSQL Is
332The NewSQL Value Proposition
333Google Spanner Architecture
334CockroachDB and Distributed SQL
335VoltDB and In-Memory Transactions
336NewSQL Tradeoffs
337When to Choose NewSQL

← System Design

Lesson 333 of 1,919·9. SQL vs NoSQL TradeoffsPro lesson

Google Spanner Architecture

Spanner uses atomic clocks and TrueTime API to achieve global strong consistency with horizontal scalability.

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