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Java

694Class-Level Access Modifiers Overview
695public Classes and One Public Class Per File Rule
696Package-Private Classes (Default Access)
697Why private and protected Don't Apply to Top-Level Classes
698Member-Level Access Modifiers: The Four Options
699private Members: Encapsulation Within the Class
700Package-Private Members: Default Package Visibility
701protected Members: Package Plus Subclass Access
702public Members: Unrestricted Access
703Comparing Class-Level and Member-Level Access
704Package-Private (Default) Access Across Packages
705Public Members: Universal Visibility
706Protected Members and Package Boundaries
707Protected Access Without Inheritance
708Accessing Protected Members in Subclasses Across Packages
709The 'Through Inheritance' Restriction
710Private Members and Package Boundaries
711Import Statements Do Not Grant Access
712Cross-Package Access Patterns and Best Practices
713Protected Access in Inheritance: The Protected Modifier
714Inheriting Protected Members Across Packages
715Overriding and Access Levels: The Widening Rule
716Private Members Are Not Inherited
717Package-Private Members and Subclass Access
718Public Inheritance and Access Control
719Protected Reference Type Restrictions
720Shadowing Fields and Access Control
721Access Control Strategy in Inheritance Hierarchies
722Default to Most Restrictive: The Principle of Least Privilege
723Prefer private Fields with Controlled Public Methods
724Package-Private for Implementation Cohesion
725Avoiding protected: When Inheritance Leaks Implementation
726Public Interfaces, Package-Private Implementations
727Immutability and final: Defensive Access Control
728Code Review Checklist: Auditing Access Modifiers

Java

694Class-Level Access Modifiers Overview
695public Classes and One Public Class Per File Rule
696Package-Private Classes (Default Access)
697Why private and protected Don't Apply to Top-Level Classes
698Member-Level Access Modifiers: The Four Options
699private Members: Encapsulation Within the Class
700Package-Private Members: Default Package Visibility
701protected Members: Package Plus Subclass Access
702public Members: Unrestricted Access
703Comparing Class-Level and Member-Level Access
704Package-Private (Default) Access Across Packages
705Public Members: Universal Visibility
706Protected Members and Package Boundaries
707Protected Access Without Inheritance
708Accessing Protected Members in Subclasses Across Packages
709The 'Through Inheritance' Restriction
710Private Members and Package Boundaries
711Import Statements Do Not Grant Access
712Cross-Package Access Patterns and Best Practices
713Protected Access in Inheritance: The Protected Modifier
714Inheriting Protected Members Across Packages
715Overriding and Access Levels: The Widening Rule
716Private Members Are Not Inherited
717Package-Private Members and Subclass Access
718Public Inheritance and Access Control
719Protected Reference Type Restrictions
720Shadowing Fields and Access Control
721Access Control Strategy in Inheritance Hierarchies
722Default to Most Restrictive: The Principle of Least Privilege
723Prefer private Fields with Controlled Public Methods
724Package-Private for Implementation Cohesion
725Avoiding protected: When Inheritance Leaks Implementation
726Public Interfaces, Package-Private Implementations
727Immutability and final: Defensive Access Control
728Code Review Checklist: Auditing Access Modifiers

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Lesson 697 of 2,870·17. Access Control in DepthPro lesson

Why private and protected Don't Apply to Top-Level Classes

Understand the logical reasons top-level classes cannot be private or protected.

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