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676The concept of a stream in C
677Introduction to stdin, stdout, and stderr
678The header file <stdio.h>
679Basic character output with putchar
680Basic character input with getchar
681EOF (End Of File) explained
682Using while loops with getchar
683Relationship between char and int in I/O
684Format specifiers recap
685Specifying field width for alignment
686Left-aligning with the minus flag
687Precision for floating-point numbers
688Zero-padding numerical output
689Printing hex and octal values
690Escaping the percent sign %%
691The return value of printf
692How scanf uses memory addresses
693Scanning integers and floats
694Reading characters with ' %c' spacing
695Limiting string length in scanf
696Handling the return value of scanf
697How scanf leaves trailing newlines
698Using scansets with %[...]
699Why gets is dangerous and deprecated
700Printing strings with puts
701Reading safe strings with fgets
702Removing the newline from fgets
703Formatting strings in memory with sprintf
704Safe string formatting with snprintf
705Parsing data from strings with sscanf
706The buffer size argument in fgets
707Checking for NULL return in fgets
708The FILE pointer type
709Opening files with fopen
710Understanding file modes: r, w, a
711Closing files with fclose
712Checking for NULL file pointers
713The difference between w and a modes
714Handling file not found errors
715The maximum number of open files
716Character I/O with fgetc and fputc
717String I/is with fgets and fputs
718Formatted file output with fprintf
719Formatted file input with fscanf
720Sequential vs random access concepts
721Detecting the end of a file with feof
722Why feof inside a loop condition is bad
723Rewinding a file to the start
724Text mode vs Binary mode (b flag)
725Writing raw bytes with fwrite
726Reading raw bytes with fread
727The size and count parameters
728Writing entire structs to disk
729Reading structs back into memory
730Endianness and binary portability
731Verifying bytes read vs expected
732The file position indicator
733Moving the pointer with fseek
734The SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END constants
735Getting current position with ftell
736Finding file size using seek and tell
737Resetting with rewind
738Using fgetpos and fsetpos for large files
739Risks of seeking in text mode
740Introduction to errno
741Using perror for descriptive errors
742The strerror function
743Distinguishing EOF from errors with ferror
744Clearing file error indicators with clearerr
745Handling 'Permission Denied' errors
746Handling 'Disk Full' scenarios
747Safe file closing patterns
748How C buffers I/O for speed
749Full buffering vs Line buffering
750Unbuffered output (stderr)
751Forcing a write with fflush
752Setting custom buffers with setvbuf
753The setbuf shorthand
754Performance: Single char vs block I/O
755When to use fflush(stdout)
756Renaming files with rename
757Deleting files with remove
758Creating temporary files with tmpfile
759Generating temp filenames with tmpnam
760Redirecting streams with freopen
761Standard stream redirection in shells
762Checking if a file exists
763Temporary file security risks

676The concept of a stream in C
677Introduction to stdin, stdout, and stderr
678The header file <stdio.h>
679Basic character output with putchar
680Basic character input with getchar
681EOF (End Of File) explained
682Using while loops with getchar
683Relationship between char and int in I/O
684Format specifiers recap
685Specifying field width for alignment
686Left-aligning with the minus flag
687Precision for floating-point numbers
688Zero-padding numerical output
689Printing hex and octal values
690Escaping the percent sign %%
691The return value of printf
692How scanf uses memory addresses
693Scanning integers and floats
694Reading characters with ' %c' spacing
695Limiting string length in scanf
696Handling the return value of scanf
697How scanf leaves trailing newlines
698Using scansets with %[...]
699Why gets is dangerous and deprecated
700Printing strings with puts
701Reading safe strings with fgets
702Removing the newline from fgets
703Formatting strings in memory with sprintf
704Safe string formatting with snprintf
705Parsing data from strings with sscanf
706The buffer size argument in fgets
707Checking for NULL return in fgets
708The FILE pointer type
709Opening files with fopen
710Understanding file modes: r, w, a
711Closing files with fclose
712Checking for NULL file pointers
713The difference between w and a modes
714Handling file not found errors
715The maximum number of open files
716Character I/O with fgetc and fputc
717String I/is with fgets and fputs
718Formatted file output with fprintf
719Formatted file input with fscanf
720Sequential vs random access concepts
721Detecting the end of a file with feof
722Why feof inside a loop condition is bad
723Rewinding a file to the start
724Text mode vs Binary mode (b flag)
725Writing raw bytes with fwrite
726Reading raw bytes with fread
727The size and count parameters
728Writing entire structs to disk
729Reading structs back into memory
730Endianness and binary portability
731Verifying bytes read vs expected
732The file position indicator
733Moving the pointer with fseek
734The SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END constants
735Getting current position with ftell
736Finding file size using seek and tell
737Resetting with rewind
738Using fgetpos and fsetpos for large files
739Risks of seeking in text mode
740Introduction to errno
741Using perror for descriptive errors
742The strerror function
743Distinguishing EOF from errors with ferror
744Clearing file error indicators with clearerr
745Handling 'Permission Denied' errors
746Handling 'Disk Full' scenarios
747Safe file closing patterns
748How C buffers I/O for speed
749Full buffering vs Line buffering
750Unbuffered output (stderr)
751Forcing a write with fflush
752Setting custom buffers with setvbuf
753The setbuf shorthand
754Performance: Single char vs block I/O
755When to use fflush(stdout)
756Renaming files with rename
757Deleting files with remove
758Creating temporary files with tmpfile
759Generating temp filenames with tmpnam
760Redirecting streams with freopen
761Standard stream redirection in shells
762Checking if a file exists
763Temporary file security risks

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Lesson 755 of 1,219·10. Input and OutputPro lesson

When to use fflush(stdout)

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